Resumo Estudos anteriores nacionais e internacionais mostraram o efeito significativo de Talaromyces flavus na inibição do crescimento de alguns importantes patógenos de plantas, incluindo Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. No Irã, é necessário produzir novas formulações desse fungo com base em tecnologias modernas, dada a importância de atrair empresas produtoras de agentes de controle biológico e transferir para elas o conhecimento técnico de produção em massa das formulações desses agentes. No presente estudo, com base no método apresentado no Departamento de Pesquisa de Pesticidas, do Instituto Iraniano de Pesquisa em Proteção de Plantas, dois tipos de formulações de T. flavus, na forma de nanocápsulas contendo T. flavus com duas formas de pó e suspensão, foram preparados usando nanotecnologia. Na etapa seguinte, durante o exame em casa de vegetação, a eficiência de cada uma dessas novas formulações em concentrações de um a cinco por mil para o método de adição de solo e de cinco por mil para o método de impregnação de sementes (seis tratamentos para cada uma das duas novas formulações) foi comparada com a formulação registrada de Talaromin em dois métodos de impregnação de sementes e adição de solo com controle sadio e controle infectado para controle da murcha de Verticillium do algodoeiro, na forma de delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com 16 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Após análise estatística dos dados obtidos pelo Duncan’s Multiple Range Test por meio do software MS TAT C, os resultados mostraram que, em termos de severidade da doença entre os tratamentos com a formulação anterior (Talaromin), com cada um dos métodos de adição de solo e impregnação de sementes, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a nanossuspensão com cada uma das concentrações de um, quatro e cinco por mil pelo método de adição de solo e entre o nanopó com cada uma das concentrações de dois e três por mil pelo método de adição de solo, e os tratamentos mencionados foram incluídos em um grupo estatístico em termos de gravidade da doença com controle saudável.

Abstract Previous domestic and foreign studies have shown the significant effect of Talaromyces flavus on growth inhibition of some important plant pathogens including Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. In Iran, it is necessary to produce new formulations of this fungus based on modern technologies given the importance of attracting companies producing biological control agents and transferring the technical knowledge of mass production of formulations of these agents to them. In the present study, based on the method presented in the Pesticide Research Department of the Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute, two types of T. flavus formulations in the form of nano-capsules containing Talaromyces flavus with two forms of powder and suspension were prepared using nanotechnology. In the next step, during the greenhouse examination, the efficiency of each of these new formulations in concentrations of one to five per thousand for soil addition method and concentration of five per thousand for seed impregnation method (six treatments for each of the two new formulations) was compared with the registered formulation of Talaromin in two methods of seed impregnation and soil addition with healthy control and infected control to control cotton Verticillium wilt disease, in the form of a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and 5 replications. After statistical analysis of the data obtained by Duncan's Multiple Range Test by MS TAT C software, the results showed that in terms of disease severity among treatments with the previous formulation (Talaromin) with each of the methods of soil addition and seed impregnation, there was no statistically significant difference between nano-suspension with each of the concentrations of one, four and five per thousand by the soil addition method and nano-powder with each of the concentrations of two and three per thousand by soil addition method, and the mentioned treatments were included in one statistical group in terms of disease severity with healthy control.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, 1.2 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) were diagnosed in patients with HIV. Diagnostic limitations and resource shortages in endemic areas can delay diagnosis and treatment, particularly with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Research suggests that ultrasound can identify splenic microabscesses caused by EPTB, but data are limited on the frequency of this finding in patients with culture-proven EPTBOBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency of splenic EPTB microabscesses detected with ultrasound in patients with HIV and TB co-infectionMETHODS: Studies published in six major databases as of November 2017 were systematically reviewed based on the PRISMA guidelines. Cohens kappa test was used to determine inter-rater agreement. Articles included for data abstraction passed the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) evaluation. Freeman-Tukey transformation was used to calculate weighted proportions. Heterogeneity was evaluated by Forest plot and Ρ calculationRESULTS: After abstract screening, article review and QUADAS-2 evaluation, five studies were selected for data extraction. A total of 774 patients in these studies were infected with HIV. Splenic lesions were seen with ultrasound in 21.0% of patients with HIV (95% confidence interval (CI) 10.6 - 33.8). TB diagnosed by culture, biopsy, smear, or molecular methods was found to be the cause of 88.3% (95% CI 72.3 - 97.9) of splenic microabscesses seen on ultrasound in patients with HIVCONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound evaluation of the spleen in patients with HIV and symptoms suggestive of TB in endemic regions is a viable diagnostic adjunct. Ultrasound detection of splenic microabscesses in HIV patients is probably sufficient indication to initiate TB treatment prior to obtaining culture data. Strong conclusions cannot be drawn owing to the high heterogeneity of this small number of studies